Turnabout or continuity? The German <i>Zeitenwende</i> and the reaction of the V4 countries to it

During Angela Merkel’s term as Chancellor, Germany did not play a leading role in the realm of security and defense; moreover, estrangement with German government’s allies based on its attitude towards Putin’s Russia slowly grew. Since Russia’s war against Ukraine began, situation has changed dramatically. This article will show different reactions Visegrád 4 (V4) countries (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary) to Zeitenwende [turning point] Germany, focusing Germany´s relationship Russia, energy policy, defense, support for Ukraine. The question is whether shaping into 180° turnaround policy or 360° pirouette resulting continuity former policies further mutual loss trust. unlikely become pre-eminent military leader but can make positive contributions if it implements regains trust eastern partners.